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Risk for depression tripled during the COVID-19 pandemic in emerging adults followed for the last 8 years
- Elisabet Alzueta, Simon Podhajsky, Qingyu Zhao, Susan F. Tapert, Wesley K. Thompson, Massimiliano de Zambotti, Dilara Yuksel, Orsolya Kiss, Rena Wang, Laila Volpe, Devin Prouty, Ian M. Colrain, Duncan B. Clark, David B. Goldston, Kate B. Nooner, Michael D. De Bellis, Sandra A. Brown, Bonnie J. Nagel, Adolf Pfefferbaum, Edith V. Sullivan, Fiona C. Baker, Kilian M. Pohl
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 5 / April 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 November 2021, pp. 2156-2163
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- Article
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Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly increased depression rates, particularly in emerging adults. The aim of this study was to examine longitudinal changes in depression risk before and during COVID-19 in a cohort of emerging adults in the U.S. and to determine whether prior drinking or sleep habits could predict the severity of depressive symptoms during the pandemic.
MethodsParticipants were 525 emerging adults from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA), a five-site community sample including moderate-to-heavy drinkers. Poisson mixed-effect models evaluated changes in the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) from before to during COVID-19, also testing for sex and age interactions. Additional analyses examined whether alcohol use frequency or sleep duration measured in the last pre-COVID assessment predicted pandemic-related increase in depressive symptoms.
ResultsThe prevalence of risk for clinical depression tripled due to a substantial and sustained increase in depressive symptoms during COVID-19 relative to pre-COVID years. Effects were strongest for younger women. Frequent alcohol use and short sleep duration during the closest pre-COVID visit predicted a greater increase in COVID-19 depressive symptoms.
ConclusionsThe sharp increase in depression risk among emerging adults heralds a public health crisis with alarming implications for their social and emotional functioning as this generation matures. In addition to the heightened risk for younger women, the role of alcohol use and sleep behavior should be tracked through preventive care aiming to mitigate this looming mental health crisis.
An Explicit, Non-Iterative, Single Equation Formulation for an Accurate One Dimensional Estimation of Vaneless Radial Diffusers in Turbomachines
- R. Amirante, F. De Bellis, E. Distaso, P. Tamburrano
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- Journal:
- Journal of Mechanics / Volume 31 / Issue 2 / April 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 October 2014, pp. 113-122
- Print publication:
- April 2015
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- Article
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The present paper proposes a very simple one dimensional (1-D) model that accounts for the energy loss caused by the fluid dynamic losses occurring in the vaneless diffusers of centrifugal compressors and pumps. Usually, the present techniques to design turbomachines (pumps, compressors and turbines) emphasize numerical methods and their use is relatively complex because several parameters need to be chosen and a lot of time is required to perform the calculation. For this reason, it is relevant to perform an accurate preliminary design to simplify the numerical computation phase and to choose a very good initial geometry to be used for accelerating and improving the search for the definitive geometry. However, today 1-D modeling is based on the classical theory that assumes that the angular momentum is conserved inside a vaneless diffuser, although the flow evolution is considered as non-isentropic. This means that fluid-dynamic losses are taken into account only for what concerns pressure recovery, whereas the evaluation of the outlet tangential velocity incoherently follows an ideal behavior. Starting from such considerations, a new conservation law for the angular momentum is analytically derived, which incorporates the same fluid-dynamic losses modeled by the thermodynamic transformation law that is employed for correlating pressure recovery with enthalpy increase. Similar arguments hold for incompressible flows. Detailed and very accurate three-dimensional flow simulations are employed to analyze if the new model is capable of predicting the outlet tangential velocity more accurately than the classical theory. Results provided for both compressible (centrifugal compressors) and incompressible (centrifugal pumps) flows and for different inlet velocity profiles show a significant accuracy improvement of the new conservation law in the prediction of the outlet flow conditions when compared with the classical theory, thus demonstrating that the proposed model can be employed in the preliminary design of vaneless diffusers (i.e., in the estimation of the outlet diameter) more effectively than the classical ideal theory. Furthermore, the model is validated against industrial experimental campaigns. Even further experimental data, reported in a previous paper by the same authors, confirm the reliability of the employed approach.
Contributors
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- By Jon G. Allen, Robert F Anda, Susan L. Andersen, Carl M. Anderson, Wendy d’ Andrea, Tal Astrachan, Anthony W. Bateman, Carla Bernardes, Renato Borgatti, Bekh Bradley, J. Douglas Bremner, John Briere, Amy F. Buckley, Jean-Francois Bureau, Kathleen M. Chard, Dennis Charney, Anthony Charuvastra, Jeewook Choi, Marylene Cloitre, Melody D. Combs, Constance J. Dalenberg, Martin J. Dorahy, Michael D. De Bellis, Anne P. DePrince, Erin C. Dunn, Vincent J. Felitti, Philip A. Fisher, Peter Fonagy, Julian D. Ford, Amit Goldenberg, Megan R. Gunnar, Udi Harari, Felicia Heidenreich, Christine Heim, Judith Herman MD, Monica Hodges, Shlomit Jacobson-Pick, Joan Kaufman, Karestan C. Koenen, Ruth A. Lanius, Jamie L. LaPrairie, Alicia F. Lieberman, Richard J. Loewenstein, Sonia J. Lupien MD, Karlen Lyons-Ruth, Jodi Martin, Bruce McEwen, Alexander C. McFarlane, Rosario Montirosso, Charles B. Nemeroff, Pat Ogden, Fatih Ozbay, Clare Pain, Kelsey Paulson, Oxana G. Palesh, Ms. Keren Rabi, Gal Richter-Levin, Andrea L. Roberts, Cécile Rousseau, Cécile Rousseau, Monica Ruiz-Casares, Christian Schmahl, Allan N. Schore, Sally B. Seraphin, Vansh Sharma, Yi-Shin Sheu, Kelly Skelton, Steven Southwick, David Spiegel, Deborah M. Stone, Nathan Szajnberg, Martin H. Teicher, Akemi Tomoda, Ed Tronick, Onno van der Hart, Bessel van der Kolk, Eric Vermetten, Tamara Weiss, Victor Welzant
- Edited by Ruth A. Lanius, University of Western Ontario, Eric Vermetten, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands, Clare Pain, University of Toronto
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- Book:
- The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease
- Published online:
- 03 May 2011
- Print publication:
- 05 August 2010, pp vii-xii
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